Essential for aluminium smelting, steel production, hydrofluoric acid, and refrigerants. China dominates global supply. Pakistan holds significant high-grade deposits in Balochistan.

Tungsten is one of the densest metals on the planet, and therefore gets used in metalworking and construction, as well as in heat sinks, weights, and even vibrating batteries.

Used in flame retardants, lead-acid batteries, and US defence applications. China’s export ban created a critical supply gap. Pakistan’s Balochistan holds confirmed reserves.